罗马帝国在中国古代被称为“大秦”，鼎盛时期版图以地中海为中心，横跨亚欧非三大洲，控制着大约500万平方千米的土地。罗马帝国的不断扩张，得益于其强大的军事力量，那么古代的罗马士兵平时都吃些什么呢?
美版知乎上有人提问：“What did ancient Romen soldiers eat? ”罗马史学家Alex Mann回答了这个问题。
Every Roman Legion broke down into smaller and smaller organizational units. The smallest unit of the Legions was the “Contubernium”. This was basically a squad of 8 men who were battle buddies. They’d see to the remains of any who fell in battle and notify their families and they’d each serve a specific role.
每个罗马军团都被细分成了很小很小的组织单位。军团中最小的单位是“Contuberium”，这基本上是一个由8名战友组成的小队。他们会照顾任何一个在战斗中阵亡的战友的遗体，并通知他们的家属，每个人都会扮演一个特定的角色。
1 guy would be the blacksmith, 1 guy would hunt, 1 guy would cook, 1 guy would set up the tent- you get the point. Each man had a role to play and this is part of what made the legions so effective.Now the main provision for any legion was wheat. Why wheat?
一个人会是铁匠，一个人会打猎，一个人会做饭，一个人会搭帐篷。每个人都有自己的角色，各司其职，这也正是军团能如此高效运转的原因。
平时军团的主要给养是小麦。为什么是小麦呢？因为小麦长得快；重量轻，便于运输；用途广泛，且容易制作成食物。
Pane: Ground up grain mixed with water, salt, and spices and then cooked over a fire
Pulse: Cooked what grains mixed with salt, water, fat, and milk- almost like a soup.This is most of what the legion ate. However, somethings things were better.
罗马士兵的菜单上有两道菜，分别是Pane：将谷物磨碎，与水、盐和调料混合，然后在火上煮熟；Pulse：煮熟的谷物与盐、水、肥肉和牛奶混合在一起，就像汤一样。通常情况下，伙头兵们会把分下来的粮食，制作成这两道菜中的一道。
口粮：罗马军团步兵每人每月的粮食配给约合小麦265公斤，骑兵每人每月则为75公斤，辅
助军团步兵配给量与军团兵差不多，辅助军团骑兵的配给量略低，约为53公斤。每月配给量
8-15天分发一次。在行军期间，每名步兵携带7-13公斤小麦，骑兵则携带19-36公斤小麦。
Sometimes big game was hunted or fish were found. Other times after raiding a village an abundance of more exotic foods was taken and everyone ate well for a day or two. This was the exception though.99% of the time soldiers ate their wheat-based food with the rare inclusion of meat or vegetables.Oh-and wine, the legions all drank wine.
这是军团吃的大部分食物，偶尔有时候也会改善改善伙食，宰杀猪牛或者捕鱼。在袭击一个村庄后，大量的异国食物被带走，每个人在一两天内都吃得很好。但这都是特殊情况，99%的时间里，士兵们吃的是小麦类食物，很少有肉或蔬菜。自然，酒是少不了的，军团士兵都离不开葡萄酒。
罗马士兵最重要的饮品是酸酒或醋，因为含有预防坏血病的成分，成为罗马士兵的标配饮品。
Typically grain would be shipped from Rome to the frontlines and stored in massive warehouses. Bundles were marked with Legion insignia to show which bundle of what went where. These storehouses were protected and the logistics process was well organized. This really only worked in instances of static warfare though.
很明显的一点，要供养5000到50000人的军团绝非易事。通常情况下，粮食会从首都罗马运往前线，并储存在大型仓库中。包裹上标记着军团徽章，以显示哪一批物资发往哪去。这些仓库会得到保护，物流过程也能得到很好的组织，但这只在静态战争的情况下有效。
If Caesar set out on a campaign he could calculate the length of the campaign and how much food his men would need for that long. He’d then try to bring as much as he could in a “baggage train: which typically tailed the Army and was guarded by the more inexperienced legions.Often though campaigns were extended or ran into troubles.
如果凯撒开始了一场战役，他会计算出战役将会持续多长时间，以及他的部下在这段时间内需要多少食物。然后，他将尽可能调拨军备运输车来运送补给：这是一种四轮马车，紧跟在军队后面，由二流的军团守卫。
军事物资以仓库为节点通过陆上运输送到各个军团。依靠分段设立仓储中心的方法，罗马人将长途运输变成了短途运输，避免了后勤物资的损耗和延误，使大军团的补给成为可能 。
如果后勤补给得不到及时供应，罗马军队还有其他的选择
In this case, Rome had other options.Forage: 1 man in each contubernium was a forager and could set out each day to hunt small game, find berries, or seek out anything edible to bring back to his buddies. This all worked for short periods but 50,000 men eat through the natural resources of an area rather quickly.
自行搜集食物：每一个8人的编组中有一个人负责搜集食物，他可以每天离队去狩猎小猎物，寻找浆果或者寻找任何可以吃的东西带回给他的战友。不过这只能解燃眉之急，一个50000人的军团很快就能吃光一个地区的资源。
Requisition: Rome didn’t loot friendly territory or even neutral territory. Instead, commanders would “requisition” supplies from local civic leaders. In exchange for supplies, the commander would issue Roman “IOUs” to the Civil Leader- basically a promise that Rome would pay for the food.
战时状态下的征用：罗马不会直接劫掠友邦，或者中立国的粮食和物资。相反，指挥官将从当地官员那里“征用”物资。作为补给的交换，指挥官将向当地官员签发罗马“欠条”——基本上是承诺罗马将支付食品费用。
Ration and barley: Barley was seen as food for animals and barbarians. However, if things were dire commanders would cut down rations and subsidize the wheat0based diet with a barley-based diet. This was only done when the Legions were desperate.
用大麦代替：大麦在当时被视为动物和野蛮人的食物。如果军队处境过于糟糕，指挥官会削减每日的口粮，并把大麦和小麦掺在一起分配下去。不过，只有军团在绝境的时候才会这样做。
说实话，罗马军队的伙食并不是很丰盛，主要以小麦类食物为主，一线军队才能得到更多的猪肉和牛肉。不过像Pulse，这种混有肉类和牛奶的食物倒也能满足平时所需的能量。
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